Battle of Mohi

Asia
Burma	First; Second;
Central Asia	Qara Khitai; Khwarezm;
China	Western Xia; Jin; Eastern Xia; Song;
Western Asia	Georgia; Anatolia; Persia Nizari state; ; Levant Palestine; ;
Other; invasions	India; Japan; Java; Korea; Sakhalin; Siberia; Tibet; Vietnam;
Europe
	Kievan Rus; Volga Bulgaria; Cumania; Durdzuketi; Circassia; Alania; Poland (First, Second, Third); Hungary (First, Second); Holy Roman Empire; Bulgaria and Serbia; Latin Empire; Lithuania; Byzantine Thrace; Serbia;

Battle of Mohi
	Part of the First Mongol invasion of Hungary
Date	11 April 1241
Location	Sajó River, near Muhi, Hungary47°58′40″N 20°54′47″E / 47.97778°N 20.91306°E
Result	Mongol victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of Hungary ; Kingdom of Croatia; Knights Templar Minor belligerent: ; Duchy of Austria	Mongol Empire
Commanders and leaders
Béla IV of Hungary ; Coloman of Slavonia (DOW); Ugrin Csák †; Matthias Rátót †; Frederick II of Austria; Denis Tomaj †; Rembald de Voczon	Batu Khan; Subutai; Shiban; Berke; Boroldai; Bakatu †
Units involved
Infantry; Knights Templar; Crossbowmen; Light cavalry	Horse archers; Horse lancers; Stone throwers; Possibly Chinese firearm units and other gunpowder units
Strength
80,000; 50,000; 25,000	~15,000–30,000 cavalry (contemporary sources); Other estimations:; 70,000; 50,000; 20,000 At least seven stone throwers
Casualties and losses
~10,000 (contemporary sources); Most of the army	Few hundreds; Very heavy
	class=notpageimage\| Location within Hungary

The Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241), also known as Battle of the Sajó River^[15] or Battle of the Tisza River, was the main battle between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe. It took place at Muhi (then Mohi), southwest of the Sajó River. The battle resulted in a victory for the Mongols, who destroyed the Hungarian Royal army.

^ ^a ^b The Mongols in the West, Denis Sinor, Journal of Asian History, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), page 15; "... on April 11, Batu's forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp, inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders ... While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute—some call it a massacre rather than a battle—historians disagree on their assessments of Béla's apparent ineptitude. Of course the Hungarians could have done better; but it is beyond doubt that no "ad hoc", feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined, highly trained, professional soldiers of the Mongol army. A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers. These were very heavy."
^ Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare". Journal of Medieval Military History. 8. Boydell Press: 109–17 [p. 115]. doi:10.1515/9781846159022-004. ISBN 978-1-84383-596-7. The Mongols probably had a nominal force of at least 30,000 men, with the personal units of Batu and Sube'etei forming the core of the army.
^ Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124
^ ^a ^b Sverdrup, p. 115, citing Kosztolnyik.
^ Markó, László (2000), Great Honours of the Hungarian State, Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub, ISBN 963-547-085-1
^ Liptai, Ervin (1985), Military History of Hungary, Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, ISBN 963-326-337-9
^ Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy, (Da Capo Press, 2015), p. 469: "The older authorities used to give statistics of 70,000 Hungarians and 40,000 Mongols but it seems likely that these numbers are too high; modern historians tend to opt for about 20,000 Mongols versus 25,000 Hungarians, but certainty is impossible."
^ Sverdrup, pp. 114–115, citing Rashid al-Din's chronicles, 1:198, 2:152. Rashid Al-Din's figures give Batu and Subutai about 40,000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 (including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus), divided into five columns (three in Hungary, one in Transylvania, and one in Poland). He proceeds to say that while the nominal total of the Mongol force in Hungary was 30,000, the effective total on the field at Mohi would have been between that number and 15,000, close to the latter.
^ Carey states on p. 128 that Batu had 40,000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30,000 troops in an encircling maneuver. Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols' three-pronged assault on eastern Europe. This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles of Leignitz to the North and Hermannstadt (Sibiu) to the South. All three victories occurred in the same week.
^ McLynn, p. 469
^ Sverdrup, p. 115
^ Thomas of Spalato, Historia, 163;
^ McLynn, p. 473
^ John France, Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power, (Yale University Press, 2011), 144.
^ ^a ^b A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 279; "Although Mongol losses in the battle are heavy ...".
^ The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Timothy May, (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 103.

[Sinor,_p._15-1] The Mongols in the West, Denis Sinor, Journal of Asian History, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), page 15; "... on April 11, Batu's forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp, inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders ... While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute—some call it a massacre rather than a battle—historians disagree on their assessments of Béla's apparent ineptitude. Of course the Hungarians could have done better; but it is beyond doubt that no "ad hoc", feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined, highly trained, professional soldiers of the Mongol army. A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers. These were very heavy."

[2] Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare". Journal of Medieval Military History. 8. Boydell Press: 109–17 [p. 115]. doi:10.1515/9781846159022-004. ISBN 978-1-84383-596-7. The Mongols probably had a nominal force of at least 30,000 men, with the personal units of Batu and Sube'etei forming the core of the army.

[3] Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124

[Sverdrup_p._115-4] Sverdrup, p. 115, citing Kosztolnyik.

[Markó_2000-5] Markó, László (2000), Great Honours of the Hungarian State, Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub, ISBN 963-547-085-1

[Liptai_1985-6] Liptai, Ervin (1985), Military History of Hungary, Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, ISBN 963-326-337-9

[7] Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy, (Da Capo Press, 2015), p. 469: "The older authorities used to give statistics of 70,000 Hungarians and 40,000 Mongols but it seems likely that these numbers are too high; modern historians tend to opt for about 20,000 Mongols versus 25,000 Hungarians, but certainty is impossible."

[8] Sverdrup, pp. 114–115, citing Rashid al-Din's chronicles, 1:198, 2:152. Rashid Al-Din's figures give Batu and Subutai about 40,000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 (including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus), divided into five columns (three in Hungary, one in Transylvania, and one in Poland). He proceeds to say that while the nominal total of the Mongol force in Hungary was 30,000, the effective total on the field at Mohi would have been between that number and 15,000, close to the latter.

[9] Carey states on p. 128 that Batu had 40,000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30,000 troops in an encircling maneuver. Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols' three-pronged assault on eastern Europe. This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles of Leignitz to the North and Hermannstadt (Sibiu) to the South. All three victories occurred in the same week.

[10] McLynn, p. 469

[Sverdrup,_p._115-11] Sverdrup, p. 115

[12] Thomas of Spalato, Historia, 163;

[13] McLynn, p. 473

[14] John France, Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power, (Yale University Press, 2011), 144.

[Tucker279-15] A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 279; "Although Mongol losses in the battle are heavy ...".

[16] The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Timothy May, (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 103.

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